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| author | Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> | 2018-12-26 13:07:19 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> | 2018-12-26 13:07:19 -0800 |
| commit | 792bf4d871dea8b69be2aaabdd320d7c6ed15985 (patch) | |
| tree | 8cec3755ff6df5f82b12420fb6ad6a4d531ebfd1 /Documentation | |
| parent | eed9688f8513189295887e5a27ec7f576754b60e (diff) | |
| parent | 4bbfd7467cfc7d42e18d3008fa6a28ffd56e901a (diff) | |
Merge branch 'core-rcu-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull RCU updates from Ingo Molnar:
"The biggest RCU changes in this cycle were:
- Convert RCU's BUG_ON() and similar calls to WARN_ON() and similar.
- Replace calls of RCU-bh and RCU-sched update-side functions to
their vanilla RCU counterparts. This series is a step towards
complete removal of the RCU-bh and RCU-sched update-side functions.
( Note that some of these conversions are going upstream via their
respective maintainers. )
- Documentation updates, including a number of flavor-consolidation
updates from Joel Fernandes.
- Miscellaneous fixes.
- Automate generation of the initrd filesystem used for rcutorture
testing.
- Convert spin_is_locked() assertions to instead use lockdep.
( Note that some of these conversions are going upstream via their
respective maintainers. )
- SRCU updates, especially including a fix from Dennis Krein for a
bag-on-head-class bug.
- RCU torture-test updates"
* 'core-rcu-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (112 commits)
rcutorture: Don't do busted forward-progress testing
rcutorture: Use 100ms buckets for forward-progress callback histograms
rcutorture: Recover from OOM during forward-progress tests
rcutorture: Print forward-progress test age upon failure
rcutorture: Print time since GP end upon forward-progress failure
rcutorture: Print histogram of CB invocation at OOM time
rcutorture: Print GP age upon forward-progress failure
rcu: Print per-CPU callback counts for forward-progress failures
rcu: Account for nocb-CPU callback counts in RCU CPU stall warnings
rcutorture: Dump grace-period diagnostics upon forward-progress OOM
rcutorture: Prepare for asynchronous access to rcu_fwd_startat
torture: Remove unnecessary "ret" variables
rcutorture: Affinity forward-progress test to avoid housekeeping CPUs
rcutorture: Break up too-long rcu_torture_fwd_prog() function
rcutorture: Remove cbflood facility
torture: Bring any extra CPUs online during kernel startup
rcutorture: Add call_rcu() flooding forward-progress tests
rcutorture/formal: Replace synchronize_sched() with synchronize_rcu()
tools/kernel.h: Replace synchronize_sched() with synchronize_rcu()
net/decnet: Replace rcu_barrier_bh() with rcu_barrier()
...
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
13 files changed, 821 insertions, 3172 deletions
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The <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> Structure</a> <li> <a href="#The rcu_data Structure"> The <tt>rcu_data</tt> Structure</a> -<li> <a href="#The rcu_dynticks Structure"> - The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> Structure</a> <li> <a href="#The rcu_head Structure"> The <tt>rcu_head</tt> Structure</a> <li> <a href="#RCU-Specific Fields in the task_struct Structure"> @@ -127,9 +125,11 @@ CPUs, RCU would configure the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree as follows: </p><p>RCU currently permits up to a four-level tree, which on a 64-bit system accommodates up to 4,194,304 CPUs, though only a mere 524,288 CPUs for 32-bit systems. -On the other hand, you can set <tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT</tt> to be -as small as 2 if you wish, which would permit only 16 CPUs, which -is useful for testing. +On the other hand, you can set both <tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT</tt> and +<tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT_LEAF</tt> to be as small as 2, which would result +in a 16-CPU test using a 4-level tree. +This can be useful for testing large-system capabilities on small test +machines. </p><p>This multi-level combining tree allows us to get most of the performance and scalability @@ -154,44 +154,9 @@ on that root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure remains acceptably low. keeping lock contention under control at all tree levels regardless of the level of loading on the system. -</p><p>The Linux kernel actually supports multiple flavors of RCU -running concurrently, so RCU builds separate data structures for each -flavor. -For example, for <tt>CONFIG_TREE_RCU=y</tt> kernels, RCU provides -rcu_sched and rcu_bh, as shown below: - -</p><p><img src="BigTreeClassicRCUBH.svg" alt="BigTreeClassicRCUBH.svg" width="33%"> - -</p><p>Energy efficiency is increasingly important, and for that -reason the Linux kernel provides <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt>, which -turns off the scheduling-clock interrupts on idle CPUs, which in -turn allows those CPUs to attain deeper sleep states and to consume -less energy. -CPUs whose scheduling-clock interrupts have been turned off are -said to be in <i>dyntick-idle mode</i>. -RCU must handle dyntick-idle CPUs specially -because RCU would otherwise wake up each CPU on every grace period, -which would defeat the whole purpose of <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt>. -RCU uses the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure to track -which CPUs are in dyntick idle mode, as shown below: - -</p><p><img src="BigTreeClassicRCUBHdyntick.svg" alt="BigTreeClassicRCUBHdyntick.svg" width="33%"> - -</p><p>However, if a CPU is in dyntick-idle mode, it is in that mode -for all flavors of RCU. -Therefore, a single <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure is allocated per -CPU, and all of a given CPU's <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures share -that <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>, as shown in the figure. - -</p><p>Kernels built with <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU</tt> support -rcu_preempt in addition to rcu_sched and rcu_bh, as shown below: - -</p><p><img src="BigTreePreemptRCUBHdyntick.svg" alt="BigTreePreemptRCUBHdyntick.svg" width="35%"> - </p><p>RCU updaters wait for normal grace periods by registering RCU callbacks, either directly via <tt>call_rcu()</tt> and friends (namely <tt>call_rcu_bh()</tt> and <tt>call_rcu_sched()</tt>), -there being a separate interface per flavor of RCU) or indirectly via <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> and friends. RCU callbacks are represented by <tt>rcu_head</tt> structures, which are queued on <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures while they are @@ -214,9 +179,6 @@ its own synchronization: <li> Each <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure has a spinlock. <li> The fields in <tt>rcu_data</tt> are private to the corresponding CPU, although a few can be read and written by other CPUs. -<li> Similarly, the fields in <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> are private - to the corresponding CPU, although a few can be read by - other CPUs. </ol> <p>It is important to note that different data structures can have @@ -272,11 +234,6 @@ follows: access to this information from the corresponding CPU. Finally, this structure records past dyntick-idle state for the corresponding CPU and also tracks statistics. -<li> <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>: - This per-CPU structure tracks the current dyntick-idle - state for the corresponding CPU. - Unlike the other three structures, the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> - structure is not replicated per RCU flavor. <li> <tt>rcu_head</tt>: This structure represents RCU callbacks, and is the only structure allocated and managed by RCU users. @@ -287,14 +244,14 @@ follows: <p>If all you wanted from this article was a general notion of how RCU's data structures are related, you are done. Otherwise, each of the following sections give more details on -the <tt>rcu_state</tt>, <tt>rcu_node</tt>, <tt>rcu_data</tt>, -and <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> data structures. +the <tt>rcu_state</tt>, <tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> data +structures. <h3><a name="The rcu_state Structure"> The <tt>rcu_state</tt> Structure</a></h3> <p>The <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure is the base structure that -represents a flavor of RCU. +represents the state of RCU in the system. This structure forms the interconnection between the <tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures, tracks grace periods, contains the lock used to @@ -389,7 +346,7 @@ sequence number. The bottom two bits are the state of the current grace period, which can be zero for not yet started or one for in progress. In other words, if the bottom two bits of <tt>->gp_seq</tt> are -zero, the corresponding flavor of RCU is idle. +zero, then RCU is idle. Any other value in the bottom two bits indicates that something is broken. This field is protected by the root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>->lock</tt> field. @@ -419,10 +376,10 @@ as follows: grace period in jiffies. It is protected by the root <tt>rcu_node</tt>'s <tt>->lock</tt>. -<p>The <tt>->name</tt> field points to the name of the RCU flavor -(for example, “rcu_sched”), and is constant. -The <tt>->abbr</tt> field contains a one-character abbreviation, -for example, “s” for RCU-sched. +<p>The <tt>->name</tt> and <tt>->abbr</tt> fields distinguish +between preemptible RCU (“rcu_preempt” and “p”) +and non-preemptible RCU (“rcu_sched” and “s”). +These fields are used for diagnostic and tracing purposes. <h3><a name="The rcu_node Structure"> The <tt>rcu_node</tt> Structure</a></h3> @@ -971,25 +928,31 @@ this <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> structure, <i>not</i> the <tt>->head</tt> pointer. The reason for this is that all the ready-to-invoke callbacks (that is, those in the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment) are extracted -all at once at callback-invocation time. +all at once at callback-invocation time (<tt>rcu_do_batch</tt>), due +to which <tt>->head</tt> may be set to NULL if there are no not-done +callbacks remaining in the <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt>. If callback invocation must be postponed, for example, because a high-priority process just woke up on this CPU, then the remaining -callbacks are placed back on the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment. -Either way, the <tt>->len</tt> and <tt>->len_lazy</tt> counts -are adjusted after the corresponding callbacks have been invoked, and so -again it is the <tt>->len</tt> count that accurately reflects whether -or not there are callbacks associated with this <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> -structure. +callbacks are placed back on the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment and +<tt>->head</tt> once again points to the start of the segment. +In short, the head field can briefly be <tt>NULL</tt> even though the +CPU has callbacks present the entire time. +Therefore, it is not appropriate to test the <tt>->head</tt> pointer +for <tt>NULL</tt>. + +<p>In contrast, the <tt>->len</tt> and <tt>->len_lazy</tt> counts +are adjusted only after the corresponding callbacks have been invoked. +This means that the <tt>->len</tt> count is zero only if +the <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> structure really is devoid of callbacks. Of course, off-CPU sampling of the <tt>->len</tt> count requires -the use of appropriate synchronization, for example, memory barriers. +careful use of appropriate synchronization, for example, memory barriers. This synchronization can be a bit subtle, particularly in the case of <tt>rcu_barrier()</tt>. <h3><a name="The rcu_data Structure"> The <tt>rcu_data</tt> Structure</a></h3> -<p>The <tt>rcu_data</tt> maintains the per-CPU state for the -corresponding flavor of RCU. +<p>The <tt>rcu_data</tt> maintains the per-CPU state for the RCU subsystem. The fields in this structure may be accessed only from the corresponding CPU (and from tracing) unless otherwise stated. This structure is the @@ -1015,30 +978,19 @@ as follows: <pre> 1 int cpu; - 2 struct rcu_state *rsp; - 3 struct rcu_node *mynode; - 4 struct rcu_dynticks *dynticks; - 5 unsigned long grpmask; - 6 bool beenonline; + 2 struct rcu_node *mynode; + 3 unsigned long grpmask; + 4 bool beenonline; </pre> <p>The <tt>->cpu</tt> field contains the number of the -corresponding CPU, the <tt>->rsp</tt> pointer references -the corresponding <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure (and is most frequently -used to locate the name of the corresponding flavor of RCU for tracing), -and the <tt>->mynode</tt> field references the corresponding -<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure. +corresponding CPU and the <tt>->mynode</tt> field references the +corresponding <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure. The <tt>->mynode</tt> is used to propagate quiescent states up the combining tree. -<p>The <tt>->dynticks</tt> pointer references the -<tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure corresponding to this -CPU. -Recall that a single per-CPU instance of the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> -structure is shared among all flavors of RCU. -These first four fields are constant and therefore require not -synchronization. +These two fields are constant and therefore do not require synchronization. -</p><p>The <tt>->grpmask</tt> field indicates the bit in +<p>The <tt>->grpmask</tt> field indicates the bit in the <tt>->mynode->qsmask</tt> corresponding to this <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure, and is also used when propagating quiescent states. @@ -1057,12 +1009,12 @@ as follows: 3 bool cpu_no_qs; 4 bool core_needs_qs; 5 bool gpwrap; - 6 unsigned long rcu_qs_ctr_snap; </pre> -<p>The <tt>->gp_seq</tt> and <tt>->gp_seq_needed</tt> -fields are the counterparts of the fields of the same name -in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> and <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures. +<p>The <tt>->gp_seq</tt> field is the counterpart of the field of the same +name in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> and <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures. The +<tt>->gp_seq_needed</tt> field is the counterpart of the field of the same +name in the rcu_node</tt> structure. They may each lag up to one behind their <tt>rcu_node</tt> counterparts, but in <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt> and <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL</tt> kernels can lag @@ -1103,10 +1055,6 @@ CPU has remained idle for so long that the <tt>gp_seq</tt> counter is in danger of overflow, which will cause the CPU to disregard the values of its counters on its next exit from idle. -Finally, the <tt>rcu_qs_ctr_snap</tt> field is used to detect -cases where a given operation has resulted in a quiescent state -for all flavors of RCU, for example, <tt>cond_resched()</tt> -when RCU has indicated a need for quiescent states. <h5>RCU Callback Handling</h5> @@ -1179,26 +1127,22 @@ Finally, the <tt>->dynticks_fqs</tt> field is used to count the number of times this CPU is determined to be in dyntick-idle state, and is used for tracing and debugging purposes. -<h3><a name="The rcu_dynticks Structure"> -The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> Structure</a></h3> - -<p>The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> maintains the per-CPU dyntick-idle state -for the corresponding CPU. -Unlike the other structures, <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> is not -replicated over the different flavors of RCU. -The fields in this structure may be accessed only from the corresponding -CPU (and from tracing) unless otherwise stated. -Its fields are as follows: +<p> +This portion of the rcu_data structure is declared as follows: <pre> 1 long dynticks_nesting; 2 long dynticks_nmi_nesting; 3 atomic_t dynticks; 4 bool rcu_need_heavy_qs; - 5 unsigned long rcu_qs_ctr; - 6 bool rcu_urgent_qs; + 5 bool rcu_urgent_qs; </pre> +<p>These fields in the rcu_data structure maintain the per-CPU dyntick-idle +state for the corresponding CPU. +The fields may be accessed only from the corresponding CPU (and from tracing) +unless otherwise stated. + <p>The <tt>->dynticks_nesting</tt> field counts the nesting depth of process execution, so that in normal circumstances this counter has value zero or one. @@ -1240,19 +1184,12 @@ it is willing to call for heavy-weight dyntick-counter operations. This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch and <tt>cond_resched()</tt> code, which provide a momentary idle sojourn in response. -</p><p>The <tt>->rcu_qs_ctr</tt> field is used to record -quiescent states from <tt>cond_resched()</tt>. -Because <tt>cond_resched()</tt> can execute quite frequently, this -must be quite lightweight, as in a non-atomic increment of this -per-CPU field. - </p><p>Finally, the <tt>->rcu_urgent_qs</tt> field is used to record -the fact that the RCU core code would really like to see a quiescent -state from the corresponding CPU, with the various other fields indicating -just how badly RCU wants this quiescent state. -This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch and <tt>cond_resched()</tt> -code, which, if nothing else, non-atomically increment <tt>->rcu_qs_ctr</tt> -in response. +the fact that the RCU core code would really like to see a quiescent state from +the corresponding CPU, with the various other fields indicating just how badly +RCU wants this quiescent state. +This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch path +(<tt>rcu_note_context_switch</tt>) and the cond_resched code. <table> <tr><th> </th></tr> @@ -1425,11 +1362,11 @@ the last part of the array, thus traversing only the leaf <h3><a name="Summary"> Summary</a></h3> -So each flavor of RCU is represented by an <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure, +So the state of RCU is represented by an <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure, which contains a combining tree of <tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures. Finally, in <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt> kernels, each CPU's dyntick-idle -state is tracked by an <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure. +state is tracked by dynticks-related fields in the <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure. 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If the CPU is idle, then <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> reports the quiescent state. -<p> -Otherwise, the handler invokes <tt>resched_cpu()</tt>, which forces -a future context switch. +<p> Otherwise, the handler forces a future context switch by setting the +NEED_RESCHED flag of the current task's thread flag and the CPU preempt +counter. At the time of the context switch, the CPU reports the quiescent state. Should the CPU go offline first, it will report the quiescent state at that time. diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html index a346ce0116eb..e4d94fba6c89 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ The key point is that the lock-acquisition functions, including <tt>smp_mb__after_unlock_lock()</tt> immediately after successful acquisition of the lock. -<p>Therefore, for any given <tt>rcu_node</tt> struction, any access +<p>Therefore, for any given <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure, any access happening before one of the above lock-release functions will be seen by all CPUs as happening before any access happening after a later one of the above lock-acquisition functions. diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html index 43c4e2f05f40..9fca73e03a98 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html @@ -900,8 +900,6 @@ Except where otherwise noted, these non-guarantees were premeditated. Grace Periods Don't Partition Read-Side Critical Sections</a> <li> <a href="#Read-Side Critical Sections Don't Partition Grace Periods"> Read-Side Critical Sections Don't Partition Grace Periods</a> -<li> <a href="#Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods"> - Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods</a> </ol> <h3><a name="Readers Impose Minimal Ordering">Readers Impose Minimal Ordering</a></h3> @@ -1259,54 +1257,6 @@ of RCU grace periods. <tr><td> </td></tr> </table> -<h3><a name="Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods"> -Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods</a></h3> - -<p> -There was a time when disabling preemption on any given CPU would block -subsequent grace periods. -However, this was an accident of implementation and is not a requirement. -And in the current Linux-kernel implementation, disabling preemption -on a given CPU in fact does not block grace periods, as Oleg Nesterov -<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/g/20150614193825.GA19582@redhat.com">demonstrated</a>. - -<p> -If you need a preempt-disable region to block grace periods, you need to add -<tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>, for example -as follows: - -<blockquote> -<pre> - 1 preempt_disable(); - 2 rcu_read_lock(); - 3 do_something(); - 4 rcu_read_unlock(); - 5 preempt_enable(); - 6 - 7 /* Spinlocks implicitly disable preemption. */ - 8 spin_lock(&mylock); - 9 rcu_read_lock(); -10 do_something(); -11 rcu_read_unlock(); -12 spin_unlock(&mylock); -</pre> -</blockquote> - -<p> -In theory, you could enter the RCU read-side critical section first, -but it is more efficient to keep the entire RCU read-side critical -section contained in the preempt-disable region as shown above. -Of course, RCU read-side critical sections that extend outside of -preempt-disable regions will work correctly, but such critical sections -can be preempted, which forces <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> to do -more work. -And no, this is <i>not</i> an invitation to enclose all of your RCU -read-side critical sections within preempt-disable regions, because -doing so would degrade real-time response. - -<p> -This non-requirement appeared with preemptible RCU. - <h2><a name="Parallelism Facts of Life">Parallelism Facts of Life</a></h2> <p> @@ -1381,6 +1331,7 @@ Classes of quality-of-implementation requirements are as follows: <ol> <li> <a href="#Specialization">Specialization</a> <li> <a href="#Performance and Scalability">Performance and Scalability</a> +<li> <a href="#Forward Progress">Forward Progress</a> <li> <a href="#Composability">Composability</a> <li> <a href="#Corner Cases">Corner Cases</a> </ol> @@ -1645,7 +1596,7 @@ used in place of <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> as follows: 16 struct foo *p; 17 18 spin_lock(&gp_lock); -19 p = rcu_dereference(gp); +19 p = rcu_access_pointer(gp); 20 if (!p) { 21 spin_unlock(&gp_lock); 22 return false; @@ -1822,6 +1773,106 @@ so it is too early to tell whether they will stand the test of time. RCU thus provides a range of tools to allow updaters to strike the required tradeoff between latency, flexibility and CPU overhead. +<h3><a name="Forward Progress">Forward Progress</a></h3> + +<p> +In theory, delaying grace-period completion and callback invocation +is harmless. +In practice, not only are memory sizes finite but also callbacks sometimes +do wakeups, and sufficiently deferred wakeups can be difficult +to distinguish from system hangs. +Therefore, RCU must provide a number of mechanisms to promote forward +progress. + +<p> +These mechanisms are not foolproof, nor can they be. +For one simple example, an infinite loop in an RCU read-side critical +section must by definition prevent later grace periods from ever completing. +For a more involved example, consider a 64-CPU system built with +<tt>CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y</tt> and booted with <tt>rcu_nocbs=1-63</tt>, +where CPUs 1 through 63 spin in tight loops that invoke +<tt>call_rcu()</tt>. +Even if these tight loops also contain calls to <tt>cond_resched()</tt> +(thus allowing grace periods to complete), CPU 0 simply will +not be able to invoke callbacks as fast as the other 63 CPUs can +register them, at least not until the system runs out of memory. +In both of these examples, the Spiderman principle applies: With great +power comes great responsibility. +However, short of this level of abuse, RCU is required to +ensure timely completion of grace periods and timely invocation of +callbacks. + +<p> +RCU takes the following steps to encourage timely completion of +grace periods: + +<ol> +<li> If a grace period fails to complete within 100 milliseconds, + RCU causes future invocations of <tt>cond_resched()</tt> on + the holdout CPUs to provide an RCU quiescent state. + RCU also causes those CPUs' <tt>need_resched()</tt> invocations + to return <tt>true</tt>, but only after the corresponding CPU's + next scheduling-clock. +<li> CPUs mentioned in the <tt>nohz_full</tt> kernel boot parameter + can run indefinitely in the kernel without scheduling-clock + interrupts, which defeats the above <tt>need_resched()</tt> + strategem. + RCU will therefore invoke <tt>resched_cpu()</tt> on any + <tt>nohz_full</tt> CPUs still holding out after + 109 milliseconds. +<li> In kernels built with <tt>CONFIG_RCU_BOOST=y</tt>, if a given + task that has been preempted within an RCU read-side critical + section is holding out for more than 500 milliseconds, + RCU will resort to priority boosting. +<li> If a CPU is still holding out 10 seconds into the grace + period, RCU will invoke <tt>resched_cpu()</tt> on it regardless + of its <tt>nohz_full</tt> state. +</ol> + +<p> +The above values are defaults for systems running with <tt>HZ=1000</tt>. +They will vary as the value of <tt>HZ</tt> varies, and can also be +changed using the relevant Kconfig options and kernel boot parameters. +RCU currently does not do much sanity checking of these +parameters, so please use caution when changing them. +Note that these forward-progress measures are provided only for RCU, +not for +<a href="#Sleepable RCU">SRCU</a> or +<a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>. + +<p> +RCU takes the following steps in <tt>call_rcu()</tt> to encourage timely +invocation of callbacks when any given non-<tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPU has +10,000 callbacks, or has 10,000 more callbacks than it had the last time +encouragement was provided: + +<ol> +<li> Starts a grace period, if one is not already in progress. +<li> Forces immediate checking for quiescent states, rather than + waiting for three milliseconds to have elapsed since the + beginning of the grace period. +<li> Immediately tags the CPU's callbacks with their grace period + completion numbers, rather than waiting for the <tt>RCU_SOFTIRQ</tt> + handler to get around to it. +<li> Lifts callback-execution batch limits, which speeds up callback + invocation at the expense of degrading realtime response. +</ol> + +<p> +Again, these are default values when running at <tt>HZ=1000</tt>, +and can be overridden. +Again, these forward-progress measures are provided only for RCU, +not for +<a href="#Sleepable RCU">SRCU</a> or +<a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>. +Even for RCU, callback-invocation forward progress for <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> +CPUs is much less well-developed, in part because workloads benefiting +from <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPUs tend to invoke <tt>call_rcu()</tt> +relatively infrequently. +If workloads emerge that need both <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPUs and high +<tt>call_rcu()</tt> invocation rates, then additional forward-progress +work will be required. + <h3><a name="Composability">Composability</a></h3> <p> @@ -2272,7 +2323,7 @@ that meets this requirement. Furthermore, NMI handlers can be interrupted by what appear to RCU to be normal interrupts. One way that this can happen is for code that directly invokes -<tt>rcu_irq_enter()</tt> and </tt>rcu_irq_exit()</tt> to be called +<tt>rcu_irq_enter()</tt> and <tt>rcu_irq_exit()</tt> to be called from an NMI handler. This astonishing fact of life prompted the current code structure, which has <tt>rcu_irq_enter()</tt> invoking <tt>rcu_nmi_enter()</tt> @@ -2294,7 +2345,7 @@ via <tt>del_timer_sync()</tt> or similar. <p> Unfortunately, there is no way to cancel an RCU callback; once you invoke <tt>call_rcu()</tt>, the callback function is -going to eventually be invoked, unless the system goes down first. +eventually going to be invoked, unless the system goes down first. Because it is normally considered socially irresponsible to crash the system in response to a module unload request, we need some other way to deal with in-flight RCU callbacks. @@ -2424,23 +2475,37 @@ for context-switch-heavy <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y</tt> workloads, but there is room for further improvement. <p> -In the past, it was forbidden to disable interrupts across an -<tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> unless that interrupt-disabled region -of code also included the matching <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt>. -Violating this restriction could result in deadlocks involving the -scheduler's runqueue and priority-inheritance spinlocks. -This restriction was lifted when interrupt-disabled calls to -<tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> started deferring the reporting of -the resulting RCU-preempt quiescent state until the end of that +It is forbidden to hold any of scheduler's runqueue or priority-inheritance +spinlocks across an <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> unless interrupts have been +disabled across the entire RCU read-side critical section, that is, +up to and including the matching <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt>. +Violating this restriction can result in deadlocks involving these +scheduler spinlocks. +There was hope that this restriction might be lifted when interrupt-disabled +calls to <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> started deferring the reporting of +the resulting RCU-preempt quiescent state until the end of the corresponding interrupts-disabled region. -This deferred reporting means that the scheduler's runqueue and -priority-inheritance locks cannot be held while reporting an RCU-preempt -quiescent state, which lifts the earlier restriction, at least from -a deadlock perspective. -Unfortunately, real-time systems using RCU priority boosting may +Unfortunately, timely reporting of the corresponding quiescent state +to expedited grace periods requires a call to <tt>raise_softirq()</tt>, +which can acquire these scheduler spinlocks. +In addition, real-time systems using RCU priority boosting need this restriction to remain in effect because deferred -quiescent-state reporting also defers deboosting, which in turn -degrades real-time latencies. +quiescent-state reporting would also defer deboosting, which in turn +would degrade real-time latencies. + +<p> +In theory, if a given RCU read-side critical section could be +guaranteed to be less than one second in duration, holding a scheduler +spinlock across that critical section's <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> +would require only that preemption be disabled across the entire +RCU read-side critical section, not interrupts. +Unfortunately, given the possibility of vCPU preemption, long-running +interrupts, and so on, it is not possible in practice to guarantee +that a given RCU read-side critical section will complete in less than +one second. +Therefore, as noted above, if scheduler spinlocks are held across +a given call to <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>, interrupts must be +disabled across the entire RCU read-side critical section. <h3><a name="Tracing and RCU">Tracing and RCU</a></h3> @@ -3233,6 +3298,11 @@ For example, RCU callback overhead might be charged back to the originating <tt>call_rcu()</tt> instance, though probably not in production kernels. +<p> +Additional work may be required to provide reasonable forward-progress +guarantees under heavy load for grace periods and for callback +invocation. + <h2><a name="Summary">Summary</a></h2> <p> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt index 49747717d905..6f469864d9f5 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! pointer must be covered by rcu_read_lock(), rcu_read_lock_bh(), rcu_read_lock_sched(), or by the appropriate update-side lock. Disabling of preemption can serve as rcu_read_lock_sched(), but - is less readable. + is less readable and prevents lockdep from detecting locking issues. Letting RCU-protected pointers "leak" out of an RCU read-side critical section is every bid as bad as letting them leak out @@ -285,11 +285,7 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! here is that superuser already has lots of ways to crash the machine. - d. Use call_rcu_bh() rather than call_rcu(), in order to take - advantage of call_rcu_bh()'s faster grace periods. (This - is only a partial solution, though.) - - e. Periodically invoke synchronize_rcu(), permitting a limited + d. Periodically invoke synchronize_rcu(), permitting a limited number of updates per grace period. The same cautions apply to call_rcu_bh(), call_rcu_sched(), @@ -324,37 +320,14 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! will break Alpha, cause aggressive compilers to generate bad code, and confuse people trying to read your code. -11. Note that synchronize_rcu() -only- guarantees to wait until - all currently executing rcu_read_lock()-protected RCU read-side - critical sections complete. It does -not- necessarily guarantee - that all currently running interrupts, NMIs, preempt_disable() - code, or idle loops will complete. Therefore, if your - read-side critical sections are protected by something other - than rcu_read_lock(), do -not- use synchronize_rcu(). - - Similarly, disabling preemption is not an acceptable substitute - for rcu_read_lock(). Code that attempts to use preemption - disabling where it should be using rcu_read_lock() will break - in CONFIG_PREEMPT=y kernel builds. - - If you want to wait for interrupt handlers, NMI handlers, and - code under the influence of preempt_disable(), you instead - need to use synchronize_irq() or synchronize_sched(). - - This same limitation also applies to synchronize_rcu_bh() - and synchronize_srcu(), as well as to the asynchronous and - expedited forms of the three primitives, namely call_rcu(), - call_rcu_bh(), call_srcu(), synchronize_rcu_expedited(), - synchronize_rcu_bh_expedited(), and synchronize_srcu_expedited(). - -12. Any lock acquired by an RCU callback must be acquired elsewhere +11. Any lock acquired by an RCU callback must be acquired elsewhere with softirq disabled, e.g., via spin_lock_irqsave(), spin_lock_bh(), etc. Failing to disable irq on a given acquisition of that lock will result in deadlock as soon as the RCU softirq handler happens to run your RCU callback while interrupting that acquisition's critical section. -13. RCU callbacks can be and are executed in parallel. In many cases, +12. RCU callbacks can be and are executed in parallel. In many cases, the callback code simply wrappers around kfree(), so that this is not an issue (or, more accurately, to the extent that it is an issue, the memory-allocator locking handles it). However, @@ -370,7 +343,7 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! not the case, a self-spawning RCU callback would prevent the victim CPU from ever going offline.) -14. Unlike other forms of RCU, it -is- permissible to block in an +13. Unlike other forms of RCU, it -is- permissible to block in an SRCU read-side critical section (demarked by srcu_read_lock() and srcu_read_unlock()), hence the "SRCU": "sleepable RCU". Please note that if you don't need to sleep in read-side critical @@ -414,7 +387,7 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! Note that rcu_dereference() and rcu_assign_pointer() relate to SRCU just as they do to other forms of RCU. -15. The whole point of call_rcu(), synchronize_rcu(), and friends +14. The whole point of call_rcu(), synchronize_rcu(), and friends is to wait until all pre-existing readers have finished before carrying out some otherwise-destructive operation. It is therefore critically important to -first- remove any path @@ -426,13 +399,13 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! is the caller's responsibility to guarantee that any subsequent readers will execute safely. -16. The various RCU read-side primitives do -not- necessarily contain +15. The various RCU read-side primitives do -not- necessarily contain memory barriers. You should therefore plan for the CPU and the compiler to freely reorder code into and out of RCU read-side critical sections. It is the responsibility of the RCU update-side primitives to deal with this. -17. Use CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING, CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS_RCU_HEAD, and the +16. Use CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING, CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS_RCU_HEAD, and the __rcu sparse checks to validate your RCU code. These can help find problems as follows: @@ -455,7 +428,7 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! These debugging aids can help you find problems that are otherwise extremely difficult to spot. -18. If you register a callback using call_rcu(), call_rcu_bh(), +17. If you register a callback using call_rcu(), call_rcu_bh(), call_rcu_sched(), or call_srcu(), and pass in a function defined within a loadable module, then it in necessary to wait for all pending callbacks to be invoked after the last invocation @@ -469,8 +442,8 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! You instead need to use one of the barrier functions: o call_rcu() -> rcu_barrier() - o call_rcu_bh() -> rcu_barrier_bh() - o call_rcu_sched() -> rcu_barrier_sched() + o call_rcu_bh() -> rcu_barrier() + o call_rcu_sched() -> rcu_barrier() o call_srcu() -> srcu_barrier() However, these barrier functions are absolutely -not- guaranteed diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/stallwarn.txt b/Documentation/RCU/stallwarn.txt index 491043fd976f..073dbc12d1ea 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/stallwarn.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/stallwarn.txt @@ -176,9 +176,8 @@ causing stalls, and that the stall was affecting RCU-sched. This message will normally be followed by stack dumps for each CPU. Please note that PREEMPT_RCU builds can be stalled by tasks as well as by CPUs, and that the tasks will be indicated by PID, for example, "P3421". It is even -possible for a rcu_preempt_state stall to be caused by both CPUs -and- -tasks, in which case the offending CPUs and tasks will all be called -out in the list. +possible for an rcu_state stall to be caused by both CPUs -and- tasks, +in which case the offending CPUs and tasks will all be called out in the list. CPU 2's "(3 GPs behind)" indicates that this CPU has not interacted with the RCU core for the past three grace periods. In contrast, CPU 16's "(0 @@ -206,7 +205,7 @@ handlers are no longer able to execute on this CPU. This can happen if the stalled CPU is spinning with interrupts are disabled, or, in -rt kernels, if a high-priority process is starving RCU's softirq handler. -The "fps=" shows the number of force-quiescent-state idle/offline +The "fqs=" shows the number of force-quiescent-state idle/offline detection passes that the grace-period kthread has made across this CPU since the last time that this CPU noted the beginning of a grace period. diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt b/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt index 86d82f7f3500..4a6854318b17 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt @@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ rcu_dereference() unnecessary overhead on Alpha CPUs. Note that the value returned by rcu_dereference() is valid - only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. + only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section [1]. For example, the following is -not- legal: rcu_read_lock(); @@ -292,6 +292,19 @@ rcu_dereference() typically used indirectly, via the _rcu list-manipulation primitives, such as list_for_each_entry_rcu(). + [1] The variant rcu_dereference_protected() can be used outside + of an RCU read-side critical section as long as the usage is + protected by locks acquired by the update-side code. This variant + avoids the lockdep warning that would happen when using (for + example) rcu_dereference() without rcu_read_lock() protection. + Using rcu_dereference_protected() also has the advantage + of permitting compiler optimizations that rcu_dereference() + must prohibit. The rcu_dereference_protected() variant takes + a lockdep expression to indicate which locks must be acquired + by the caller. If the indicated protection is not provided, + a lockdep splat is emitted. See RCU/Design/Requirements.html + and the API's code comments for more details and example usage. + The following diagram shows how each API communicates among the reader, updater, and reclaimer. @@ -322,28 +335,27 @@ to their callers and (2) call_rcu() callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. -There are no fewer than three RCU mechanisms in the Linux kernel; the -diagram above shows the first one, which is by far the most commonly used. -The rcu_dereference() and rcu_assign_pointer() primitives are used for -all three mechanisms, but different defer and protect primitives are -used as follows: - - Defer Protect +There are at least three flavors of RCU usage in the Linux kernel. The diagram +above shows the most common one. On the updater side, the rcu_assign_pointer(), +sychronize_rcu() and call_rcu() primitives used are the same for all three +flavors. However for protection (on the reader side), the primitives used vary +depending on the flavor: -a. synchronize_rcu() rcu_read_lock() / rcu_read_unlock() - call_rcu() rcu_dereference() +a. rcu_read_lock() / rcu_read_unlock() + rcu_dereference() -b. synchronize_rcu_bh() rcu_read_lock_bh() / rcu_read_unlock_bh() - call_rcu_bh() rcu_dereference_bh() +b. rcu_read_lock_bh() / rcu_read_unlock_bh() + local_bh_disable() / local_bh_enable() + rcu_dereference_bh() -c. synchronize_sched() rcu_read_lock_sched() / rcu_read_unlock_sched() - call_rcu_sched() preempt_disable() / preempt_enable() - local_irq_save() / local_irq_restore() - hardirq enter / hardirq exit - NMI enter / NMI exit - rcu_dereference_sched() +c. rcu_read_lock_sched() / rcu_read_unlock_sched() + preempt_disable() / preempt_enable() + local_irq_save() / local_irq_restore() + hardirq enter / hardirq exit + NMI enter / NMI exit + rcu_dereference_sched() -These three mechanisms are used as follows: +These three flavors are used as follows: a. RCU applied to normal data structures. @@ -867,18 +879,20 @@ RCU: Critical sections Grace period Barrier bh: Critical sections Grace period Barrier - rcu_read_lock_bh call_rcu_bh rcu_barrier_bh - rcu_read_unlock_bh synchronize_rcu_bh - rcu_dereference_bh synchronize_rcu_bh_expedited + rcu_read_lock_bh call_rcu rcu_barrier + rcu_read_unlock_bh synchronize_rcu + [local_bh_disable] synchronize_rcu_expedited + [and friends] + rcu_dereference_bh rcu_dereference_bh_check rcu_dereference_bh_protected rcu_read_lock_bh_held sched: Critical sections Grace period Barrier - rcu_read_lock_sched synchronize_sched rcu_barrier_sched - rcu_read_unlock_sched call_rcu_sched - [preempt_disable] synchronize_sched_expedited + rcu_read_lock_sched call_rcu rcu_barrier + rcu_read_unlock_sched synchronize_rcu + [preempt_disable] synchronize_rcu_expedited [and friends] rcu_read_lock_sched_notrace rcu_read_unlock_sched_notrace @@ -890,8 +904,8 @@ sched: Critical sections Grace period Barrier SRCU: Critical sections Grace period Barrier - srcu_read_lock synchronize_srcu srcu_barrier - srcu_read_unlock call_srcu + srcu_read_lock call_srcu srcu_barrier + srcu_read_unlock synchronize_srcu srcu_dereference synchronize_srcu_expedited srcu_dereference_check srcu_read_lock_held @@ -1034,7 +1048,7 @@ Answer: Just as PREEMPT_RT permits preemption of spinlock spinlocks blocking while in RCU read-side critical sections. - Why the apparent inconsistency? Because it is it + Why the apparent inconsistency? Because it is possible to use priority boosting to keep the RCU grace periods short if need be (for example, if running short of memory). In contrast, if blocking waiting diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt index 7fd61bf339b4..60536779ed24 100644 --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt @@ -3754,24 +3754,6 @@ in microseconds. The default of zero says no holdoff. - rcutorture.cbflood_inter_holdoff= [KNL] - Set holdoff time (jiffies) between successive - callback-flood tests. - - rcutorture.cbflood_intra_holdoff= [KNL] - Set holdoff time (jiffies) between successive - bursts of callbacks within a given callback-flood - test. - - rcutorture.cbflood_n_burst= [KNL] - Set the number of bursts making up a given - callback-flood test. Set this to zero to - disable callback-flood testing. - - rcutorture.cbflood_n_per_burst= [KNL] - Set the number of callbacks to be registered - in a given burst of a callback-flood test. - rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL] Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts in microseconds. @@ -3784,6 +3766,23 @@ Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts in seconds. + rcutorture.fwd_progress= [KNL] + Enable RCU grace-period forward-progress testing + for the types of RCU supporting this notion. + + rcutorture.fwd_progress_div= [KNL] + Specify the fraction of a CPU-stall-warning + period to do tight-loop forward-progress testing. + + rcutorture.fwd_progress_holdoff= [KNL] + Number of seconds to wait between successive + forward-progress tests. + + rcutorture.fwd_progress_need_resched= [KNL] + Enclose cond_resched() calls within checks for + need_resched() during tight-loop forward-progress + testing. + rcutorture.gp_cond= [KNL] Use conditional/asynchronous update-side primitives, if available. |
