summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/net/sched/cls_fw.c
AgeCommit message (Collapse)Author
2015-10-03net: revert "net_sched: move tp->root allocation into fw_init()"WANG Cong
[ Upstream commit d8aecb10115497f6cdf841df8c88ebb3ba25fa28 ] fw filter uses tp->root==NULL to check if it is the old method, so it doesn't need allocation at all in this case. This patch reverts the offending commit and adds some comments for old method to make it obvious. Fixes: 33f8b9ecdb15 ("net_sched: move tp->root allocation into fw_init()") Reported-by: Akshat Kakkar <akshat.1984@gmail.com> Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Acked-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2015-03-09net_sched: destroy proto tp when all filters are goneCong Wang
Kernel automatically creates a tp for each (kind, protocol, priority) tuple, which has handle 0, when we add a new filter, but it still is left there after we remove our own, unless we don't specify the handle (literally means all the filters under the tuple). For example this one is left: # tc filter show dev eth0 filter parent 8001: protocol arp pref 49152 basic The user-space is hard to clean up these for kernel because filters like u32 are organized in a complex way. So kernel is responsible to remove it after all filters are gone. Each type of filter has its own way to store the filters, so each type has to provide its way to check if all filters are gone. Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <cwang@twopensource.com> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Acked-by: Jamal Hadi Salim<jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-03-05net_sched: move tp->root allocation into fw_init()WANG Cong
Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Acked-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-12-09net: sched: cls: use nla_nest_cancel instead of nlmsg_trimJiri Pirko
To cancel nesting, this function is more convenient. Signed-off-by: Jiri Pirko <jiri@resnulli.us> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-12-09net: sched: cls: remove unused op put from tcf_proto_opsJiri Pirko
It is never called and implementations are void. So just remove it. Signed-off-by: Jiri Pirko <jiri@resnulli.us> Signed-off-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-10-06net: sched: do not use tcf_proto 'tp' argument from call_rcuJohn Fastabend
Using the tcf_proto pointer 'tp' from inside the classifiers callback is not valid because it may have been cleaned up by another call_rcu occuring on another CPU. 'tp' is currently being used by tcf_unbind_filter() in this patch we move instances of tcf_unbind_filter outside of the call_rcu() context. This is safe to do because any running schedulers will either read the valid class field or it will be zeroed. And all schedulers today when the class is 0 do a lookup using the same call used by the tcf_exts_bind(). So even if we have a running classifier hit the null class pointer it will do a lookup and get to the same result. This is particularly fragile at the moment because the only way to verify this is to audit the schedulers call sites. Reported-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangconf@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: John Fastabend <john.r.fastabend@intel.com> Acked-by: Cong Wang <cwang@twopensource.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-09-28net_sched: remove the first parameter from tcf_exts_destroy()WANG Cong
Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Acked-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <hadi@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-09-16net: sched: cls_fw: add missing tcf_exts_init call in fw_change()John Fastabend
When allocating a new structure we also need to call tcf_exts_init to initialize exts. A follow up patch might be in order to remove some of this code and do tcf_exts_assign(). With this we could remove the tcf_exts_init/tcf_exts_change pattern for some of the classifiers. As part of the future tcf_actions RCU series this will need to be done. For now fix the call here. Fixes e35a8ee5993ba81fd6c0 ("net: sched: fw use RCU") Signed-off-by: John Fastabend <john.r.fastabend@intel.com> Acked-by: Cong Wang <cwang@twopensource.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-09-13net: sched: fw use RCUJohn Fastabend
RCU'ify fw classifier. Signed-off-by: John Fastabend <john.r.fastabend@intel.com> Acked-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-04-27sched, cls: check if we could overwrite actions when changing a filterCong Wang
When actions are attached to a filter, they are a part of the filter itself, so when changing a filter we should allow to overwrite the actions inside as well. In my specific case, when I tried to _append_ a new action to an existing filter which already has an action, I got EEXIST since kernel refused to overwrite the existing one in kernel. This patch checks if we are changing the filter checking NLM_F_CREATE flag (Sigh, filters don't use NLM_F_REPLACE...) and then passes the boolean down to actions. This fixes the problem above. Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <cwang@twopensource.com> Signed-off-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-03-18net: sched: use no more than one page in struct fw_headEric Dumazet
In commit b4e9b520ca5d ("[NET_SCHED]: Add mask support to fwmark classifier") Patrick added an u32 field in fw_head, making it slightly bigger than one page. Lets use 256 slots to make fw_hash() more straight forward, and move @mask to the beginning of the structure as we often use a small number of skb->mark. @mask and first hash buckets share the same cache line. This brings back the memory usage to less than 4000 bytes, and permits John to add a rcu_head at the end of the structure later without any worry. Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Cc: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch> Cc: John Fastabend <john.fastabend@gmail.com> Acked-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-01-16net_sched: fix error return code in fw_change_attrs()Wei Yongjun
The error code was not set if change indev fail, so the error condition wasn't reflected in the return value. Fix to return a negative error code from this error handling case instead of 0. Fixes: 2519a602c273 ('net_sched: optimize tcf_match_indev()') Signed-off-by: Wei Yongjun <yongjun_wei@trendmicro.com.cn> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-01-13net_sched: avoid casting void pointerWANG Cong
tp->root is a void* pointer, no need to cast it. Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Acked-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-01-13net_sched: optimize tcf_match_indev()WANG Cong
tcf_match_indev() is called in fast path, it is not wise to search for a netdev by ifindex and then compare by its name, just compare the ifindex. Also, dev->name could be changed by user-space, therefore the match would be always fail, but dev->ifindex could be consistent. BTW, this will also save some bytes from the core struct of u32. Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-01-13net_sched: add struct net pointer to tcf_proto_ops->dumpWANG Cong
It will be needed by the next patch. Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-12-18net_sched: cls: refactor out struct tcf_ext_mapWANG Cong
These information can be saved in tcf_exts, and this will simplify the code. Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-12-18net_sched: act: use standard struct list_headWANG Cong
Currently actions are chained by a singly linked list, therefore it is a bit hard to add and remove a specific entry. Convert it to struct list_head so that in the latter patch we can remove an action without finding its head. Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-04-19pkt_sched: fix error return code in fw_change_attrs()Wei Yongjun
Fix to return -EINVAL when tb[TCA_FW_MASK] is set and head->mask != 0xFFFFFFFF instead of 0 (ifdef CONFIG_NET_CLS_IND and tb[TCA_FW_INDEV]), as done elsewhere in this function. Signed-off-by: Wei Yongjun <yongjun_wei@trendmicro.com.cn> Signed-off-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-01-14pkt_sched: namespace aware act_mirredBenjamin LaHaise
Eric Dumazet pointed out that act_mirred needs to find the current net_ns, and struct net pointer is not provided in the call chain. His original patch made use of current->nsproxy->net_ns to find the network namespace, but this fails to work correctly for userspace code that makes use of netlink sockets in different network namespaces. Instead, pass the "struct net *" down along the call chain to where it is needed. This version removes the ifb changes as Eric has submitted that patch separately, but is otherwise identical to the previous version. Signed-off-by: Benjamin LaHaise <bcrl@kvack.org> Tested-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com> Acked-by: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2012-08-14net sched: Pass the skb into change so it can access NETLINK_CBEric W. Biederman
cls_flow.c plays with uids and gids. Unless I misread that code it is possible for classifiers to depend on the specific uid and gid values. Therefore I need to know the user namespace of the netlink socket that is installing the packet classifiers. Pass in the rtnetlink skb so I can access the NETLINK_CB of the passed packet. In particular I want access to sk_user_ns(NETLINK_CB(in_skb).ssk). Pass in not the user namespace but the incomming rtnetlink skb into the the classifier change routines as that is generally the more useful parameter. Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <jhs@mojatatu.com> Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
2012-04-01pkt_sched: Stop using NLA_PUT*().David S. Miller
These macros contain a hidden goto, and are thus extremely error prone and make code hard to audit. Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2011-07-06net: sched: constify tcf_proto and tc_actionEric Dumazet
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2011-01-19net_sched: cleanupsEric Dumazet
Cleanup net/sched code to current CodingStyle and practices. Reduce inline abuse Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2010-03-30include cleanup: Update gfp.h and slab.h includes to prepare for breaking ↵Tejun Heo
implicit slab.h inclusion from percpu.h percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies. percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is used as the basis of conversion. http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py The script does the followings. * Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used, gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h. * When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered - alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there doesn't seem to be any matching order. * If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the file. The conversion was done in the following steps. 1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400 files. 2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion, some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added inclusions to around 150 files. 3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits from #2 to make sure no file was left behind. 4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed. e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually. 5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as necessary. 6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h. 7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq). * x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config. * powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig * sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig * ia64 SMP allmodconfig * s390 SMP allmodconfig * alpha SMP allmodconfig * um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig 8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as a separate patch and serve as bisection point. Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step 6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch. If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of the specific arch. Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
2008-11-20pkt_sched: remove unnecessary xchg() in packet classifiersPatrick McHardy
The use of xchg() hasn't been necessary since 2.2.something when proper locking was added to packet schedulers. In the case of classifiers they mostly weren't even necessary before that since they're mainly used to assign a NULL pointer to the filter root in the ->destroy path; the root is destroyed immediately after that. Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2008-01-31[NET_SCHED]: Constify struct tcf_ext_mapPatrick McHardy
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2008-01-28[NET_SCHED]: Use nla_policy for attribute validation in classifiersPatrick McHardy
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2008-01-28[NET_SCHED]: Use typeful attribute parsing helpersPatrick McHardy
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2008-01-28[NET_SCHED]: Use typeful attribute construction helpersPatrick McHardy
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2008-01-28[NET_SCHED]: Use NLA_PUT_STRING for string dumpingPatrick McHardy
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2008-01-28[NET_SCHED]: Use nla_nest_start/nla_nest_endPatrick McHardy
Use nla_nest_start/nla_nest_end for dumping nested attributes. Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2008-01-28[NET_SCHED]: Propagate nla_parse return valuePatrick McHardy
nla_parse() returns more detailed errno codes, propagate them back on error. Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2008-01-28[NET_SCHED]: Convert classifiers from rtnetlink to new netlink APIPatrick McHardy
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2008-01-28[NET_SCHED]: mark classifier ops __read_mostlyPatrick McHardy
Additionally remove unnecessary NULL initilizations of the next pointer. Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2007-07-10[NET_SCHED]: Remove unnecessary includesPatrick McHardy
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2007-04-25[NETLINK]: Use nlmsg_trim() where appropriateArnaldo Carvalho de Melo
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2007-04-25[SK_BUFF]: Convert skb->tail to sk_buff_data_tArnaldo Carvalho de Melo
So that it is also an offset from skb->head, reduces its size from 8 to 4 bytes on 64bit architectures, allowing us to combine the 4 bytes hole left by the layer headers conversion, reducing struct sk_buff size to 256 bytes, i.e. 4 64byte cachelines, and since the sk_buff slab cache is SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN... :-) Many calculations that previously required that skb->{transport,network, mac}_header be first converted to a pointer now can be done directly, being meaningful as offsets or pointers. Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2007-02-14[PATCH] remove many unneeded #includes of sched.hTim Schmielau
After Al Viro (finally) succeeded in removing the sched.h #include in module.h recently, it makes sense again to remove other superfluous sched.h includes. There are quite a lot of files which include it but don't actually need anything defined in there. Presumably these includes were once needed for macros that used to live in sched.h, but moved to other header files in the course of cleaning it up. To ease the pain, this time I did not fiddle with any header files and only removed #includes from .c-files, which tend to cause less trouble. Compile tested against 2.6.20-rc2 and 2.6.20-rc2-mm2 (with offsets) on alpha, arm, i386, ia64, mips, powerpc, and x86_64 with allnoconfig, defconfig, allmodconfig, and allyesconfig as well as a few randconfigs on x86_64 and all configs in arch/arm/configs on arm. I also checked that no new warnings were introduced by the patch (actually, some warnings are removed that were emitted by unnecessarily included header files). Signed-off-by: Tim Schmielau <tim@physik3.uni-rostock.de> Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-02-10[NET] SCHED: Fix whitespace errors.YOSHIFUJI Hideaki
Signed-off-by: YOSHIFUJI Hideaki <yoshfuji@linux-ipv6.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-12-06[NET_SCHED]: cls_fw: fix NULL pointer dereferencePatrick McHardy
When the first fw classifier is initialized, there is a small window between the ->init() and ->change() calls, during which the classifier is active but not entirely set up and tp->root is still NULL (->init() does nothing). When a packet is queued during this window a NULL pointer dereference occurs in fw_classify() when trying to dereference head->mask; Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-12-02[NET]: Turn nfmark into generic markThomas Graf
nfmark is being used in various subsystems and has become the defacto mark field for all kinds of packets. Therefore it makes sense to rename it to `mark' and remove the dependency on CONFIG_NETFILTER. Signed-off-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-09-22[NET_SCHED]: Add mask support to fwmark classifierPatrick McHardy
Support masking the nfmark value before the search. The mask value is global for all filters contained in one instance. It can only be set when a new instance is created, all filters must specify the same mask. Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-07-21[NET]: Conversions from kmalloc+memset to k(z|c)alloc.Panagiotis Issaris
Signed-off-by: Panagiotis Issaris <takis@issaris.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-06-30Remove obsolete #include <linux/config.h>Jörn Engel
Signed-off-by: Jörn Engel <joern@wohnheim.fh-wedel.de> Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
2005-11-08[NET]: kfree cleanupJesper Juhl
From: Jesper Juhl <jesper.juhl@gmail.com> This is the net/ part of the big kfree cleanup patch. Remove pointless checks for NULL prior to calling kfree() in net/. Signed-off-by: Jesper Juhl <jesper.juhl@gmail.com> Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@conectiva.com.br> Acked-by: Marcel Holtmann <marcel@holtmann.org> Acked-by: YOSHIFUJI Hideaki <yoshfuji@linux-ipv6.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
2005-04-24[PKT_SCHED]: improve hashing performance of cls_fwThomas Graf
Calculate hashtable size to fit into a page instead of a hardcoded 256 buckets hash table. Results in a 1024 buckets hashtable on most systems. Replace old naive extract-8-lsb-bits algorithm with a better algorithm xor'ing 3 or 4 bit fields at the size of the hashtable array index in order to improve distribution if the majority of the lower bits are unused while keeping zero collision behaviour for the most common use case. Thanks to Wang Jian <lark@linux.net.cn> for bringing this issue to attention and to Eran Mann <emann@mrv.com> for the initial idea for this new algorithm. Signed-off-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2005-04-16Linux-2.6.12-rc2Linus Torvalds
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history, even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about 3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good infrastructure for it. Let it rip!