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2017-06-13Merge branch 'uuid-types' of bombadil.infradead.org:public_git/uuid into ↵Christoph Hellwig
nvme-base
2017-06-09KEYS: fix refcount_inc() on zeroMark Rutland
If a key's refcount is dropped to zero between key_lookup() peeking at the refcount and subsequently attempting to increment it, refcount_inc() will see a zero refcount. Here, refcount_inc() will WARN_ONCE(), and will *not* increment the refcount, which will remain zero. Once key_lookup() drops key_serial_lock, it is possible for the key to be freed behind our back. This patch uses refcount_inc_not_zero() to perform the peek and increment atomically. Fixes: fff292914d3a2f1e ("security, keys: convert key.usage from atomic_t to refcount_t") Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: David Windsor <dwindsor@gmail.com> Cc: Elena Reshetova <elena.reshetova@intel.com> Cc: Hans Liljestrand <ishkamiel@gmail.com> Cc: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com> Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: Convert KEYCTL_DH_COMPUTE to use the crypto KPP APIMat Martineau
The initial Diffie-Hellman computation made direct use of the MPI library because the crypto module did not support DH at the time. Now that KPP is implemented, KEYCTL_DH_COMPUTE should use it to get rid of duplicate code and leverage possible hardware acceleration. This fixes an issue whereby the input to the KDF computation would include additional uninitialized memory when the result of the Diffie-Hellman computation was shorter than the input prime number. Signed-off-by: Mat Martineau <mathew.j.martineau@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: DH: ensure the KDF counter is properly alignedEric Biggers
Accessing a 'u8[4]' through a '__be32 *' violates alignment rules. Just make the counter a __be32 instead. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Stephan Mueller <smueller@chronox.de> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: DH: don't feed uninitialized "otherinfo" into KDFEric Biggers
If userspace called KEYCTL_DH_COMPUTE with kdf_params containing NULL otherinfo but nonzero otherinfolen, the kernel would allocate a buffer for the otherinfo, then feed it into the KDF without initializing it. Fix this by always doing the copy from userspace (which will fail with EFAULT in this scenario). Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Stephan Mueller <smueller@chronox.de> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: DH: forbid using digest_null as the KDF hashEric Biggers
Requesting "digest_null" in the keyctl_kdf_params caused an infinite loop in kdf_ctr() because the "null" hash has a digest size of 0. Fix it by rejecting hash algorithms with a digest size of 0. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Stephan Mueller <smueller@chronox.de> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: sanitize key structs before freeingEric Biggers
While a 'struct key' itself normally does not contain sensitive information, Documentation/security/keys.txt actually encourages this: "Having a payload is not required; and the payload can, in fact, just be a value stored in the struct key itself." In case someone has taken this advice, or will take this advice in the future, zero the key structure before freeing it. We might as well, and as a bonus this could make it a bit more difficult for an adversary to determine which keys have recently been in use. This is safe because the key_jar cache does not use a constructor. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: trusted: sanitize all key materialEric Biggers
As the previous patch did for encrypted-keys, zero sensitive any potentially sensitive data related to the "trusted" key type before it is freed. Notably, we were not zeroing the tpm_buf structures in which the actual key is stored for TPM seal and unseal, nor were we zeroing the trusted_key_payload in certain error paths. Cc: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: David Safford <safford@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: encrypted: sanitize all key materialEric Biggers
For keys of type "encrypted", consistently zero sensitive key material before freeing it. This was already being done for the decrypted payloads of encrypted keys, but not for the master key and the keys derived from the master key. Out of an abundance of caution and because it is trivial to do so, also zero buffers containing the key payload in encrypted form, although depending on how the encrypted-keys feature is used such information does not necessarily need to be kept secret. Cc: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: David Safford <safford@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: user_defined: sanitize key payloadsEric Biggers
Zero the payloads of user and logon keys before freeing them. This prevents sensitive key material from being kept around in the slab caches after a key is released. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: sanitize add_key() and keyctl() key payloadsEric Biggers
Before returning from add_key() or one of the keyctl() commands that takes in a key payload, zero the temporary buffer that was allocated to hold the key payload copied from userspace. This may contain sensitive key material that should not be kept around in the slab caches. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: fix freeing uninitialized memory in key_update()Eric Biggers
key_update() freed the key_preparsed_payload even if it was not initialized first. This would cause a crash if userspace called keyctl_update() on a key with type like "asymmetric" that has a ->preparse() method but not an ->update() method. Possibly it could even be triggered for other key types by racing with keyctl_setperm() to make the KEY_NEED_WRITE check fail (the permission was already checked, so normally it wouldn't fail there). Reproducer with key type "asymmetric", given a valid cert.der: keyctl new_session keyid=$(keyctl padd asymmetric desc @s < cert.der) keyctl setperm $keyid 0x3f000000 keyctl update $keyid data [ 150.686666] BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000001 [ 150.687601] IP: asymmetric_key_free_kids+0x12/0x30 [ 150.688139] PGD 38a3d067 [ 150.688141] PUD 3b3de067 [ 150.688447] PMD 0 [ 150.688745] [ 150.689160] Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP [ 150.689455] Modules linked in: [ 150.689769] CPU: 1 PID: 2478 Comm: keyctl Not tainted 4.11.0-rc4-xfstests-00187-ga9f6b6b8cd2f #742 [ 150.690916] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.10.2-20170228_101828-anatol 04/01/2014 [ 150.692199] task: ffff88003b30c480 task.stack: ffffc90000350000 [ 150.692952] RIP: 0010:asymmetric_key_free_kids+0x12/0x30 [ 150.693556] RSP: 0018:ffffc90000353e58 EFLAGS: 00010202 [ 150.694142] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000001 RCX: 0000000000000004 [ 150.694845] RDX: ffffffff81ee3920 RSI: ffff88003d4b0700 RDI: 0000000000000001 [ 150.697569] RBP: ffffc90000353e60 R08: ffff88003d5d2140 R09: 0000000000000000 [ 150.702483] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000001 [ 150.707393] R13: 0000000000000004 R14: ffff880038a4d2d8 R15: 000000000040411f [ 150.709720] FS: 00007fcbcee35700(0000) GS:ffff88003fd00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 150.711504] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [ 150.712733] CR2: 0000000000000001 CR3: 0000000039eab000 CR4: 00000000003406e0 [ 150.714487] Call Trace: [ 150.714975] asymmetric_key_free_preparse+0x2f/0x40 [ 150.715907] key_update+0xf7/0x140 [ 150.716560] ? key_default_cmp+0x20/0x20 [ 150.717319] keyctl_update_key+0xb0/0xe0 [ 150.718066] SyS_keyctl+0x109/0x130 [ 150.718663] entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x1f/0xc2 [ 150.719440] RIP: 0033:0x7fcbce75ff19 [ 150.719926] RSP: 002b:00007ffd5d167088 EFLAGS: 00000206 ORIG_RAX: 00000000000000fa [ 150.720918] RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000404d80 RCX: 00007fcbce75ff19 [ 150.721874] RDX: 00007ffd5d16785e RSI: 000000002866cd36 RDI: 0000000000000002 [ 150.722827] RBP: 0000000000000006 R08: 000000002866cd36 R09: 00007ffd5d16785e [ 150.723781] R10: 0000000000000004 R11: 0000000000000206 R12: 0000000000404d80 [ 150.724650] R13: 00007ffd5d16784d R14: 00007ffd5d167238 R15: 000000000040411f [ 150.725447] Code: 83 c4 08 31 c0 5b 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f 5d c3 66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 85 ff 74 23 55 48 89 e5 53 48 89 fb <48> 8b 3f e8 06 21 c5 ff 48 8b 7b 08 e8 fd 20 c5 ff 48 89 df e8 [ 150.727489] RIP: asymmetric_key_free_kids+0x12/0x30 RSP: ffffc90000353e58 [ 150.728117] CR2: 0000000000000001 [ 150.728430] ---[ end trace f7f8fe1da2d5ae8d ]--- Fixes: 4d8c0250b841 ("KEYS: Call ->free_preparse() even after ->preparse() returns an error") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 3.17+ Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: fix dereferencing NULL payload with nonzero lengthEric Biggers
sys_add_key() and the KEYCTL_UPDATE operation of sys_keyctl() allowed a NULL payload with nonzero length to be passed to the key type's ->preparse(), ->instantiate(), and/or ->update() methods. Various key types including asymmetric, cifs.idmap, cifs.spnego, and pkcs7_test did not handle this case, allowing an unprivileged user to trivially cause a NULL pointer dereference (kernel oops) if one of these key types was present. Fix it by doing the copy_from_user() when 'plen' is nonzero rather than when '_payload' is non-NULL, causing the syscall to fail with EFAULT as expected when an invalid buffer is specified. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 2.6.10+ Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: encrypted: use constant-time HMAC comparisonEric Biggers
MACs should, in general, be compared using crypto_memneq() to prevent timing attacks. Cc: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au> Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: encrypted: fix race causing incorrect HMAC calculationsEric Biggers
The encrypted-keys module was using a single global HMAC transform, which could be rekeyed by multiple threads concurrently operating on different keys, causing incorrect HMAC values to be calculated. Fix this by allocating a new HMAC transform whenever we need to calculate a HMAC. Also simplify things a bit by allocating the shash_desc's using SHASH_DESC_ON_STACK() for both the HMAC and unkeyed hashes. The following script reproduces the bug: keyctl new_session keyctl add user master "abcdefghijklmnop" @s for i in $(seq 2); do ( set -e for j in $(seq 1000); do keyid=$(keyctl add encrypted desc$i "new user:master 25" @s) datablob="$(keyctl pipe $keyid)" keyctl unlink $keyid > /dev/null keyid=$(keyctl add encrypted desc$i "load $datablob" @s) keyctl unlink $keyid > /dev/null done ) & done Output with bug: [ 439.691094] encrypted_key: bad hmac (-22) add_key: Invalid argument add_key: Invalid argument Cc: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au> Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: encrypted: fix buffer overread in valid_master_desc()Eric Biggers
With the 'encrypted' key type it was possible for userspace to provide a data blob ending with a master key description shorter than expected, e.g. 'keyctl add encrypted desc "new x" @s'. When validating such a master key description, validate_master_desc() could read beyond the end of the buffer. Fix this by using strncmp() instead of memcmp(). [Also clean up the code to deduplicate some logic.] Cc: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: encrypted: avoid encrypting/decrypting stack buffersEric Biggers
Since v4.9, the crypto API cannot (normally) be used to encrypt/decrypt stack buffers because the stack may be virtually mapped. Fix this for the padding buffers in encrypted-keys by using ZERO_PAGE for the encryption padding and by allocating a temporary heap buffer for the decryption padding. Tested with CONFIG_DEBUG_SG=y: keyctl new_session keyctl add user master "abcdefghijklmnop" @s keyid=$(keyctl add encrypted desc "new user:master 25" @s) datablob="$(keyctl pipe $keyid)" keyctl unlink $keyid keyid=$(keyctl add encrypted desc "load $datablob" @s) datablob2="$(keyctl pipe $keyid)" [ "$datablob" = "$datablob2" ] && echo "Success!" Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org> Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au> Cc: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 4.9+ Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: put keyring if install_session_keyring_to_cred() failsEric Biggers
In join_session_keyring(), if install_session_keyring_to_cred() were to fail, we would leak the keyring reference, just like in the bug fixed by commit 23567fd052a9 ("KEYS: Fix keyring ref leak in join_session_keyring()"). Fortunately this cannot happen currently, but we really should be more careful. Do this by adding and using a new error label at which the keyring reference is dropped. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09KEYS: Delete an error message for a failed memory allocation in ↵Markus Elfring
get_derived_key() Omit an extra message for a memory allocation failure in this function. This issue was detected by using the Coccinelle software. Link: http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/LCJ16-Refactor_Strings-WSang_0.pdf Signed-off-by: Markus Elfring <elfring@users.sourceforge.net> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09security: use READ_ONCE instead of deprecated ACCESS_ONCEDavidlohr Bueso
With the new standardized functions, we can replace all ACCESS_ONCE() calls across relevant security/keyrings/. ACCESS_ONCE() does not work reliably on non-scalar types. For example gcc 4.6 and 4.7 might remove the volatile tag for such accesses during the SRA (scalar replacement of aggregates) step: https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=58145 Update the new calls regardless of if it is a scalar type, this is cleaner than having three alternatives. Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-09security/keys: add CONFIG_KEYS_COMPAT to KconfigBilal Amarni
CONFIG_KEYS_COMPAT is defined in arch-specific Kconfigs and is missing for several 64-bit architectures : mips, parisc, tile. At the moment and for those architectures, calling in 32-bit userspace the keyctl syscall would return an ENOSYS error. This patch moves the CONFIG_KEYS_COMPAT option to security/keys/Kconfig, to make sure the compatibility wrapper is registered by default for any 64-bit architecture as long as it is configured with CONFIG_COMPAT. [DH: Modified to remove arm64 compat enablement also as requested by Eric Biggers] Signed-off-by: Bilal Amarni <bilal.amarni@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> cc: Eric Biggers <ebiggers3@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-06-05fs: switch ->s_uuid to uuid_tChristoph Hellwig
For some file systems we still memcpy into it, but in various places this already allows us to use the proper uuid helpers. More to come.. Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Reviewed-by: Amir Goldstein <amir73il@gmail.com> Acked-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> (Changes to IMA/EVM) Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
2017-06-05ima/policy: switch to use uuid_tChristoph Hellwig
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Reviewed-by: Amir Goldstein <amir73il@gmail.com> Acked-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
2017-06-05block: remove blk_part_pack_uuidChristoph Hellwig
This helper was only used by IMA of all things, which would get spurious errors if CONFIG_BLOCK is disabled. Just opencode the call there. Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Reviewed-by: Amir Goldstein <amir73il@gmail.com> Acked-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
2017-05-09Merge branch 'work.misc' of ↵Linus Torvalds
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs Pull misc vfs updates from Al Viro: "Assorted bits and pieces from various people. No common topic in this pile, sorry" * 'work.misc' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: fs/affs: add rename exchange fs/affs: add rename2 to prepare multiple methods Make stat/lstat/fstatat pass AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT to vfs_statx() fs: don't set *REFERENCED on single use objects fs: compat: Remove warning from COMPATIBLE_IOCTL remove pointless extern of atime_need_update_rcu() fs: completely ignore unknown open flags fs: add a VALID_OPEN_FLAGS fs: remove _submit_bh() fs: constify tree_descr arrays passed to simple_fill_super() fs: drop duplicate header percpu-rwsem.h fs/affs: bugfix: Write files greater than page size on OFS fs/affs: bugfix: enable writes on OFS disks fs/affs: remove node generation check fs/affs: import amigaffs.h fs/affs: bugfix: make symbolic links work again
2017-05-08apparmorfs: replace CURRENT_TIME with current_time()Deepa Dinamani
CURRENT_TIME macro is not y2038 safe on 32 bit systems. The patch replaces all the uses of CURRENT_TIME by current_time(). This is also in preparation for the patch that transitions vfs timestamps to use 64 bit time and hence make them y2038 safe. current_time() is also planned to be transitioned to y2038 safe behavior along with this change. CURRENT_TIME macro will be deleted before merging the aforementioned change. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1491613030-11599-11-git-send-email-deepa.kernel@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Deepa Dinamani <deepa.kernel@gmail.com> Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-05-08treewide: use kv[mz]alloc* rather than opencoded variantsMichal Hocko
There are many code paths opencoding kvmalloc. Let's use the helper instead. The main difference to kvmalloc is that those users are usually not considering all the aspects of the memory allocator. E.g. allocation requests <= 32kB (with 4kB pages) are basically never failing and invoke OOM killer to satisfy the allocation. This sounds too disruptive for something that has a reasonable fallback - the vmalloc. On the other hand those requests might fallback to vmalloc even when the memory allocator would succeed after several more reclaim/compaction attempts previously. There is no guarantee something like that happens though. This patch converts many of those places to kv[mz]alloc* helpers because they are more conservative. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170306103327.2766-2-mhocko@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Reviewed-by: Boris Ostrovsky <boris.ostrovsky@oracle.com> # Xen bits Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Acked-by: Andreas Dilger <andreas.dilger@intel.com> # Lustre Acked-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com> # KVM/s390 Acked-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> # nvdim Acked-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com> # btrfs Acked-by: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com> # Ceph Acked-by: Tariq Toukan <tariqt@mellanox.com> # mlx4 Acked-by: Leon Romanovsky <leonro@mellanox.com> # mlx5 Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au> Cc: Anton Vorontsov <anton@enomsg.org> Cc: Colin Cross <ccross@android.com> Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@rjwysocki.net> Cc: Ben Skeggs <bskeggs@redhat.com> Cc: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@gmail.com> Cc: Santosh Raspatur <santosh@chelsio.com> Cc: Hariprasad S <hariprasad@chelsio.com> Cc: Yishai Hadas <yishaih@mellanox.com> Cc: Oleg Drokin <oleg.drokin@intel.com> Cc: "Yan, Zheng" <zyan@redhat.com> Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com> Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-05-08mm: introduce kv[mz]alloc helpersMichal Hocko
Patch series "kvmalloc", v5. There are many open coded kmalloc with vmalloc fallback instances in the tree. Most of them are not careful enough or simply do not care about the underlying semantic of the kmalloc/page allocator which means that a) some vmalloc fallbacks are basically unreachable because the kmalloc part will keep retrying until it succeeds b) the page allocator can invoke a really disruptive steps like the OOM killer to move forward which doesn't sound appropriate when we consider that the vmalloc fallback is available. As it can be seen implementing kvmalloc requires quite an intimate knowledge if the page allocator and the memory reclaim internals which strongly suggests that a helper should be implemented in the memory subsystem proper. Most callers, I could find, have been converted to use the helper instead. This is patch 6. There are some more relying on __GFP_REPEAT in the networking stack which I have converted as well and Eric Dumazet was not opposed [2] to convert them as well. [1] http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170130094940.13546-1-mhocko@kernel.org [2] http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1485273626.16328.301.camel@edumazet-glaptop3.roam.corp.google.com This patch (of 9): Using kmalloc with the vmalloc fallback for larger allocations is a common pattern in the kernel code. Yet we do not have any common helper for that and so users have invented their own helpers. Some of them are really creative when doing so. Let's just add kv[mz]alloc and make sure it is implemented properly. This implementation makes sure to not make a large memory pressure for > PAGE_SZE requests (__GFP_NORETRY) and also to not warn about allocation failures. This also rules out the OOM killer as the vmalloc is a more approapriate fallback than a disruptive user visible action. This patch also changes some existing users and removes helpers which are specific for them. In some cases this is not possible (e.g. ext4_kvmalloc, libcfs_kvzalloc) because those seems to be broken and require GFP_NO{FS,IO} context which is not vmalloc compatible in general (note that the page table allocation is GFP_KERNEL). Those need to be fixed separately. While we are at it, document that __vmalloc{_node} about unsupported gfp mask because there seems to be a lot of confusion out there. kvmalloc_node will warn about GFP_KERNEL incompatible (which are not superset) flags to catch new abusers. Existing ones would have to die slowly. [sfr@canb.auug.org.au: f2fs fixup] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170320163735.332e64b7@canb.auug.org.au Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170306103032.2540-2-mhocko@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Reviewed-by: Andreas Dilger <adilger@dilger.ca> [ext4 part] Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com> Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-05-03Merge branch 'next' of ↵Linus Torvalds
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security Pull security subsystem updates from James Morris: "Highlights: IMA: - provide ">" and "<" operators for fowner/uid/euid rules KEYS: - add a system blacklist keyring - add KEYCTL_RESTRICT_KEYRING, exposes keyring link restriction functionality to userland via keyctl() LSM: - harden LSM API with __ro_after_init - add prlmit security hook, implement for SELinux - revive security_task_alloc hook TPM: - implement contextual TPM command 'spaces'" * 'next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security: (98 commits) tpm: Fix reference count to main device tpm_tis: convert to using locality callbacks tpm: fix handling of the TPM 2.0 event logs tpm_crb: remove a cruft constant keys: select CONFIG_CRYPTO when selecting DH / KDF apparmor: Make path_max parameter readonly apparmor: fix parameters so that the permission test is bypassed at boot apparmor: fix invalid reference to index variable of iterator line 836 apparmor: use SHASH_DESC_ON_STACK security/apparmor/lsm.c: set debug messages apparmor: fix boolreturn.cocci warnings Smack: Use GFP_KERNEL for smk_netlbl_mls(). smack: fix double free in smack_parse_opts_str() KEYS: add SP800-56A KDF support for DH KEYS: Keyring asymmetric key restrict method with chaining KEYS: Restrict asymmetric key linkage using a specific keychain KEYS: Add a lookup_restriction function for the asymmetric key type KEYS: Add KEYCTL_RESTRICT_KEYRING KEYS: Consistent ordering for __key_link_begin and restrict check KEYS: Add an optional lookup_restriction hook to key_type ...
2017-05-02Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-nextLinus Torvalds
Pull networking updates from David Millar: "Here are some highlights from the 2065 networking commits that happened this development cycle: 1) XDP support for IXGBE (John Fastabend) and thunderx (Sunil Kowuri) 2) Add a generic XDP driver, so that anyone can test XDP even if they lack a networking device whose driver has explicit XDP support (me). 3) Sparc64 now has an eBPF JIT too (me) 4) Add a BPF program testing framework via BPF_PROG_TEST_RUN (Alexei Starovoitov) 5) Make netfitler network namespace teardown less expensive (Florian Westphal) 6) Add symmetric hashing support to nft_hash (Laura Garcia Liebana) 7) Implement NAPI and GRO in netvsc driver (Stephen Hemminger) 8) Support TC flower offload statistics in mlxsw (Arkadi Sharshevsky) 9) Multiqueue support in stmmac driver (Joao Pinto) 10) Remove TCP timewait recycling, it never really could possibly work well in the real world and timestamp randomization really zaps any hint of usability this feature had (Soheil Hassas Yeganeh) 11) Support level3 vs level4 ECMP route hashing in ipv4 (Nikolay Aleksandrov) 12) Add socket busy poll support to epoll (Sridhar Samudrala) 13) Netlink extended ACK support (Johannes Berg, Pablo Neira Ayuso, and several others) 14) IPSEC hw offload infrastructure (Steffen Klassert)" * git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-next: (2065 commits) tipc: refactor function tipc_sk_recv_stream() tipc: refactor function tipc_sk_recvmsg() net: thunderx: Optimize page recycling for XDP net: thunderx: Support for XDP header adjustment net: thunderx: Add support for XDP_TX net: thunderx: Add support for XDP_DROP net: thunderx: Add basic XDP support net: thunderx: Cleanup receive buffer allocation net: thunderx: Optimize CQE_TX handling net: thunderx: Optimize RBDR descriptor handling net: thunderx: Support for page recycling ipx: call ipxitf_put() in ioctl error path net: sched: add helpers to handle extended actions qed*: Fix issues in the ptp filter config implementation. qede: Fix concurrency issue in PTP Tx path processing. stmmac: Add support for SIMATIC IOT2000 platform net: hns: fix ethtool_get_strings overflow in hns driver tcp: fix wraparound issue in tcp_lp bpf, arm64: fix jit branch offset related to ldimm64 bpf, arm64: implement jiting of BPF_XADD ...
2017-05-02Merge tag 'docs-4.12' of git://git.lwn.net/linuxLinus Torvalds
Pull documentation update from Jonathan Corbet: "A reasonably busy cycle for documentation this time around. There is a new guide for user-space API documents, rather sparsely populated at the moment, but it's a start. Markus improved the infrastructure for converting diagrams. Mauro has converted much of the USB documentation over to RST. Plus the usual set of fixes, improvements, and tweaks. There's a bit more than the usual amount of reaching out of Documentation/ to fix comments elsewhere in the tree; I have acks for those where I could get them" * tag 'docs-4.12' of git://git.lwn.net/linux: (74 commits) docs: Fix a couple typos docs: Fix a spelling error in vfio-mediated-device.txt docs: Fix a spelling error in ioctl-number.txt MAINTAINERS: update file entry for HSI subsystem Documentation: allow installing man pages to a user defined directory Doc/PM: Sync with intel_powerclamp code behavior zr364xx.rst: usb/devices is now at /sys/kernel/debug/ usb.rst: move documentation from proc_usb_info.txt to USB ReST book convert philips.txt to ReST and add to media docs docs-rst: usb: update old usbfs-related documentation arm: Documentation: update a path name docs: process/4.Coding.rst: Fix a couple of document refs docs-rst: fix usb cross-references usb: gadget.h: be consistent at kernel doc macros usb: composite.h: fix two warnings when building docs usb: get rid of some ReST doc build errors usb.rst: get rid of some Sphinx errors usb/URB.txt: convert to ReST and update it usb/persist.txt: convert to ReST and add to driver-api book usb/hotplug.txt: convert to ReST and add to driver-api book ...
2017-05-01Merge branch 'work.uaccess' of ↵Linus Torvalds
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs Pull uaccess unification updates from Al Viro: "This is the uaccess unification pile. It's _not_ the end of uaccess work, but the next batch of that will go into the next cycle. This one mostly takes copy_from_user() and friends out of arch/* and gets the zero-padding behaviour in sync for all architectures. Dealing with the nocache/writethrough mess is for the next cycle; fortunately, that's x86-only. Same for cleanups in iov_iter.c (I am sold on access_ok() in there, BTW; just not in this pile), same for reducing __copy_... callsites, strn*... stuff, etc. - there will be a pile about as large as this one in the next merge window. This one sat in -next for weeks. -3KLoC" * 'work.uaccess' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (96 commits) HAVE_ARCH_HARDENED_USERCOPY is unconditional now CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_RAW_COPY_USER is unconditional now m32r: switch to RAW_COPY_USER hexagon: switch to RAW_COPY_USER microblaze: switch to RAW_COPY_USER get rid of padding, switch to RAW_COPY_USER ia64: get rid of copy_in_user() ia64: sanitize __access_ok() ia64: get rid of 'segment' argument of __do_{get,put}_user() ia64: get rid of 'segment' argument of __{get,put}_user_check() ia64: add extable.h powerpc: get rid of zeroing, switch to RAW_COPY_USER esas2r: don't open-code memdup_user() alpha: fix stack smashing in old_adjtimex(2) don't open-code kernel_setsockopt() mips: switch to RAW_COPY_USER mips: get rid of tail-zeroing in primitives mips: make copy_from_user() zero tail explicitly mips: clean and reorder the forest of macros... mips: consolidate __invoke_... wrappers ...
2017-04-26fs: constify tree_descr arrays passed to simple_fill_super()Eric Biggers
simple_fill_super() is passed an array of tree_descr structures which describe the files to create in the filesystem's root directory. Since these arrays are never modified intentionally, they should be 'const' so that they are placed in .rodata and benefit from memory protection. This patch updates the function signature and all users, and also constifies tree_descr.name. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2017-04-26HAVE_ARCH_HARDENED_USERCOPY is unconditional nowAl Viro
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2017-04-21Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/netDavid S. Miller
Both conflict were simple overlapping changes. In the kaweth case, Eric Dumazet's skb_cow() bug fix overlapped the conversion of the driver in net-next to use in-netdev stats. Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2017-04-19Merge branch 'next' of ↵James Morris
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/zohar/linux-integrity into next
2017-04-19Merge branch 'smack-for-4.12' of git://github.com/cschaufler/smack-next into ↵James Morris
next
2017-04-19Merge branch 'stable-4.12' of git://git.infradead.org/users/pcmoore/selinux ↵James Morris
into next
2017-04-18KEYS: fix keyctl_set_reqkey_keyring() to not leak thread keyringsEric Biggers
This fixes CVE-2017-7472. Running the following program as an unprivileged user exhausts kernel memory by leaking thread keyrings: #include <keyutils.h> int main() { for (;;) keyctl_set_reqkey_keyring(KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_THREAD_KEYRING); } Fix it by only creating a new thread keyring if there wasn't one before. To make things more consistent, make install_thread_keyring_to_cred() and install_process_keyring_to_cred() both return 0 if the corresponding keyring is already present. Fixes: d84f4f992cbd ("CRED: Inaugurate COW credentials") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 2.6.29+ Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
2017-04-18KEYS: Change the name of the dead type to ".dead" to prevent user accessDavid Howells
This fixes CVE-2017-6951. Userspace should not be able to do things with the "dead" key type as it doesn't have some of the helper functions set upon it that the kernel needs. Attempting to use it may cause the kernel to crash. Fix this by changing the name of the type to ".dead" so that it's rejected up front on userspace syscalls by key_get_type_from_user(). Though this doesn't seem to affect recent kernels, it does affect older ones, certainly those prior to: commit c06cfb08b88dfbe13be44a69ae2fdc3a7c902d81 Author: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Date: Tue Sep 16 17:36:06 2014 +0100 KEYS: Remove key_type::match in favour of overriding default by match_preparse which went in before 3.18-rc1. Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2017-04-18KEYS: Disallow keyrings beginning with '.' to be joined as session keyringsDavid Howells
This fixes CVE-2016-9604. Keyrings whose name begin with a '.' are special internal keyrings and so userspace isn't allowed to create keyrings by this name to prevent shadowing. However, the patch that added the guard didn't fix KEYCTL_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING. Not only can that create dot-named keyrings, it can also subscribe to them as a session keyring if they grant SEARCH permission to the user. This, for example, allows a root process to set .builtin_trusted_keys as its session keyring, at which point it has full access because now the possessor permissions are added. This permits root to add extra public keys, thereby bypassing module verification. This also affects kexec and IMA. This can be tested by (as root): keyctl session .builtin_trusted_keys keyctl add user a a @s keyctl list @s which on my test box gives me: 2 keys in keyring: 180010936: ---lswrv 0 0 asymmetric: Build time autogenerated kernel key: ae3d4a31b82daa8e1a75b49dc2bba949fd992a05 801382539: --alswrv 0 0 user: a Fix this by rejecting names beginning with a '.' in the keyctl. Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> cc: linux-ima-devel@lists.sourceforge.net cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2017-04-18Merge tag 'keys-next-20170412' of ↵James Morris
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-fs into next
2017-04-11keys: select CONFIG_CRYPTO when selecting DH / KDFStephan Müller
Select CONFIG_CRYPTO in addition to CONFIG_HASH to ensure that also CONFIG_HASH2 is selected. Both are needed for the shash cipher support required for the KDF operation. Signed-off-by: Stephan Mueller <smueller@chronox.de> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
2017-04-07apparmor: Make path_max parameter readonlyJohn Johansen
The path_max parameter determines the max size of buffers allocated but it should not be setable at run time. If can be used to cause an oops root@ubuntu:~# echo 16777216 > /sys/module/apparmor/parameters/path_max root@ubuntu:~# cat /sys/module/apparmor/parameters/path_max Killed [ 122.141911] BUG: unable to handle kernel paging request at ffff880080945fff [ 122.143497] IP: [<ffffffff81228844>] d_absolute_path+0x44/0xa0 [ 122.144742] PGD 220c067 PUD 0 [ 122.145453] Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP [ 122.146204] Modules linked in: vmw_vsock_vmci_transport vsock ppdev vmw_balloon snd_ens1371 btusb snd_ac97_codec gameport snd_rawmidi btrtl snd_seq_device ac97_bus btbcm btintel snd_pcm input_leds bluetooth snd_timer snd joydev soundcore serio_raw coretemp shpchp nfit parport_pc i2c_piix4 8250_fintek vmw_vmci parport mac_hid ib_iser rdma_cm iw_cm ib_cm ib_sa ib_mad ib_core ib_addr iscsi_tcp libiscsi_tcp libiscsi scsi_transport_iscsi autofs4 btrfs raid10 raid456 async_raid6_recov async_memcpy async_pq async_xor async_tx xor raid6_pq libcrc32c raid1 raid0 multipath linear hid_generic usbhid hid crct10dif_pclmul crc32_pclmul ghash_clmulni_intel aesni_intel aes_x86_64 lrw gf128mul glue_helper ablk_helper cryptd vmwgfx psmouse mptspi ttm mptscsih drm_kms_helper mptbase syscopyarea scsi_transport_spi sysfillrect [ 122.163365] ahci sysimgblt e1000 fb_sys_fops libahci drm pata_acpi fjes [ 122.164747] CPU: 3 PID: 1501 Comm: bash Not tainted 4.4.0-59-generic #80-Ubuntu [ 122.166250] Hardware name: VMware, Inc. VMware Virtual Platform/440BX Desktop Reference Platform, BIOS 6.00 07/02/2015 [ 122.168611] task: ffff88003496aa00 ti: ffff880076474000 task.ti: ffff880076474000 [ 122.170018] RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff81228844>] [<ffffffff81228844>] d_absolute_path+0x44/0xa0 [ 122.171525] RSP: 0018:ffff880076477b90 EFLAGS: 00010206 [ 122.172462] RAX: ffff880080945fff RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 0000000001000000 [ 122.173709] RDX: 0000000000ffffff RSI: ffff880080946000 RDI: ffff8800348a1010 [ 122.174978] RBP: ffff880076477bb8 R08: ffff880076477c80 R09: 0000000000000000 [ 122.176227] R10: 00007ffffffff000 R11: ffff88007f946000 R12: ffff88007f946000 [ 122.177496] R13: ffff880076477c80 R14: ffff8800348a1010 R15: ffff8800348a2400 [ 122.178745] FS: 00007fd459eb4700(0000) GS:ffff88007b6c0000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 122.180176] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [ 122.181186] CR2: ffff880080945fff CR3: 0000000073422000 CR4: 00000000001406e0 [ 122.182469] Stack: [ 122.182843] 00ffffff00000001 ffff880080946000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 [ 122.184409] 00000000570f789c ffff880076477c30 ffffffff81385671 ffff88007a2e7a58 [ 122.185810] 0000000000000000 ffff880076477c88 01000000008a1000 0000000000000000 [ 122.187231] Call Trace: [ 122.187680] [<ffffffff81385671>] aa_path_name+0x81/0x370 [ 122.188637] [<ffffffff813875dd>] profile_transition+0xbd/0xb80 [ 122.190181] [<ffffffff811af9bc>] ? zone_statistics+0x7c/0xa0 [ 122.191674] [<ffffffff81389b20>] apparmor_bprm_set_creds+0x9b0/0xac0 [ 122.193288] [<ffffffff812e1971>] ? ext4_xattr_get+0x81/0x220 [ 122.194793] [<ffffffff812e800c>] ? ext4_xattr_security_get+0x1c/0x30 [ 122.196392] [<ffffffff813449b9>] ? get_vfs_caps_from_disk+0x69/0x110 [ 122.198004] [<ffffffff81232d4f>] ? mnt_may_suid+0x3f/0x50 [ 122.199737] [<ffffffff81344b03>] ? cap_bprm_set_creds+0xa3/0x600 [ 122.201377] [<ffffffff81346e53>] security_bprm_set_creds+0x33/0x50 [ 122.203024] [<ffffffff81214ce5>] prepare_binprm+0x85/0x190 [ 122.204515] [<ffffffff81216545>] do_execveat_common.isra.33+0x485/0x710 [ 122.206200] [<ffffffff81216a6a>] SyS_execve+0x3a/0x50 [ 122.207615] [<ffffffff81838795>] stub_execve+0x5/0x5 [ 122.208978] [<ffffffff818384f2>] ? entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x16/0x71 [ 122.210615] Code: f8 31 c0 48 63 c2 83 ea 01 48 c7 45 e8 00 00 00 00 48 01 c6 85 d2 48 c7 45 f0 00 00 00 00 48 89 75 e0 89 55 dc 78 0c 48 8d 46 ff <c6> 46 ff 00 48 89 45 e0 48 8d 55 e0 48 8d 4d dc 48 8d 75 e8 e8 [ 122.217320] RIP [<ffffffff81228844>] d_absolute_path+0x44/0xa0 [ 122.218860] RSP <ffff880076477b90> [ 122.219919] CR2: ffff880080945fff [ 122.220936] ---[ end trace 506cdbd85eb6c55e ]--- Reported-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-04-07apparmor: fix parameters so that the permission test is bypassed at bootJohn Johansen
Boot parameters are written before apparmor is ready to answer whether the user is policy_view_capable(). Setting the parameters at boot results in an oops and failure to boot. Setting the parameters at boot is obviously allowed so skip the permission check when apparmor is not initialized. While we are at it move the more complicated check to last. Signed-off-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-04-07apparmor: fix invalid reference to index variable of iterator line 836John Johansen
Once the loop on lines 836-853 is complete and exits normally, ent is a pointer to the dummy list head value. The derefernces accessible from eg the goto fail on line 860 or the various goto fail_lock's afterwards thus seem incorrect. Reported-by: Julia Lawall <julia.lawall@lip6.fr> Signed-off-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-04-07apparmor: use SHASH_DESC_ON_STACKNicolas Iooss
When building the kernel with clang, the compiler fails to build security/apparmor/crypto.c with the following error: security/apparmor/crypto.c:36:8: error: fields must have a constant size: 'variable length array in structure' extension will never be supported char ctx[crypto_shash_descsize(apparmor_tfm)]; ^ Since commit a0a77af14117 ("crypto: LLVMLinux: Add macro to remove use of VLAIS in crypto code"), include/crypto/hash.h defines SHASH_DESC_ON_STACK to work around this issue. Use it in aa_calc_hash() and aa_calc_profile_hash(). Signed-off-by: Nicolas Iooss <nicolas.iooss_linux@m4x.org> Signed-off-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-04-07security/apparmor/lsm.c: set debug messagesValentin Rothberg
Add the _APPARMOR substring to reference the intended Kconfig option. Signed-off-by: Valentin Rothberg <valentinrothberg@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-04-07apparmor: fix boolreturn.cocci warningskbuild test robot
security/apparmor/lib.c:132:9-10: WARNING: return of 0/1 in function 'aa_policy_init' with return type bool Return statements in functions returning bool should use true/false instead of 1/0. Generated by: scripts/coccinelle/misc/boolreturn.cocci Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Signed-off-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
2017-04-04Smack: Use GFP_KERNEL for smk_netlbl_mls().Tetsuo Handa
Since all callers of smk_netlbl_mls() are GFP_KERNEL context (smk_set_cipso() calls memdup_user_nul(), init_smk_fs() calls __kernfs_new_node(), smk_import_entry() calls kzalloc(GFP_KERNEL)), it is safe to use GFP_KERNEL from netlbl_catmap_setbit(). Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>